“Free Winds,” a new online exhibition highlights how in the late 1940s thousands of Estonians secretly fled from Sweden in old, battered boats and sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to freedom. 

The refugees had already escaped once from their homeland. In autumn 1944, as the Nazi German occupation collapsed at the end of World War II and the Soviet Army advanced across the Baltic states, tens of thousands of Estonians crowded into small boats and fled to Sweden. The refugees thought they were safe but soon the Soviet Union began pressuring Sweden to send them back. Having survived the 1940-41 Year of Terror when Soviets imprisoned, murdered, and deported 20,000 Estonians, the refugees had no illusions about what would happen if they returned. 

In the immediate post-World War II period, it was difficult for refugees to emigrate from Sweden legally and even harder for them to enter the United States and Canada. Preferring to control their own destinies, groups of Estonians secretly pooled their savings, bought and repaired old boats, and quietly sailed as far away as possible from the Soviet Union.  

According to maritime historian Jüri Vendla, about 47 ships left Sweden between 1945 and 1951. At least 17 vessels made it to the United States, 11 reached Canada, 7 sailed to Argentina, 2 landed in Brazil, and 3 reached South Africa. Estonians organized most of the unsanctioned voyages, but Latvians also captained ships. Poles and Finns also captained ships, but these are beyond the Baltic focus of “Free Winds.” Some of the boats didn’t make it: Several were forced to end their journeys early and others probably sank or may have been seized by patrolling Soviet ships. However, since the voyages were planned in secret, accurate figures are unknown.  

One of the goals of “Free Winds” is to advance Jüri Vendla’s research presented in Unustatud merereisid: Eestlaste hulljulged põgenemisreisid üle Atlandi 1940. aastate teisel poolel (Forgotten Sea Journeys: The daring escapes of Estonians across the Atlantic in the late 1940s). “Free Winds” is based on Unustatud Merereisid, the only comprehensive account of the Estonian Viking ships. When his book was published in 2010, Mr. Vendla noted that Soviet censorship had suppressed knowledge of this period of Estonian history and that further research was warranted. By making these stories widely available online for the first time, the exhibition hopes to attract new information to warrant publication of an updated version of Unustatud merereisid in English. 

Lisa Trei, a graduate student at Tallinn University, developed and curated “Free Winds” through a partnership with Vabamu, where she was a Fulbright Specialist in spring 2024 and is currently a consultant. Ms. Trei previously worked at Stanford University, which has a longstanding relationship with Vabamu through the Estonian and Baltic Studies Program at Stanford Libraries. The exhibition is hosted on Vabamu’s NoVa (Noorte Vabamu) educational platform, which is directed by Ede Schank Tamkivi, who served as a key partner on the exhibition. 

The Cultural Endowment of Estonia and the Estonian American National Council generously provided seed funding for “Free Winds.” Franka and Anni Vakkum designed the exhibition and Inga Sokman at Civitta digitally developed the site. The Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs arranged for Maja Soomägi, a graduate student at the University of Glasgow, to serve as a 2024 summer intern at Vabamu. As a result, “Free Winds,” currently in Estonian and English, will soon be available in Swedish.